Samarkand
Samarkand can be considered one of the ancient cities in Central Asia which is about 2,500 years. Let’s come back to the pristine period of time in Samarkand we got a lot of information according lessons at school and our teachers said to us that it was conquered by known warriors such as Alexander the Great, the Army of the Arab Caliphate, and the Mongol intrusions in the head of Chenghis Khan. Samarkand city is prominent amongst cities of Central Asia because numerous battles and wars happened there and it is still flowering.
Samarkand city was the part of Mount Afrasiab (Afrosiab), which was reached to the north part of Samarkand. Samarkand widened its borders in the XIX century and the territory of Samarkand city was taken almost whole territory of the hill. Multiple suburbs with markets, caravanserais, baths and mosques were formed in XIX century on the south part of the territory of the mount. It was amazing that the city had water supply system in that period of time. But Afrasiab had a lot of hardships with water supply system in the same time, and numerous problems with water pipes.
When the Mongol incursion has conquered Samarkand city it is pity that its old water supply system was destroyed and they broke Afrasiab.
Present days you may see the dead mount but it necessary to people time to fulfill the artistic culture of the past. Mongol incursion has broken and destroyed all the structures of the pristine period of time. People who remained alive for them and their children needed century to construct all buildings. Ruined Samarkand was formed again on that place where settlement was inhabited. The Shakhi-Zindah necropolis overhaul was in that time when Afrasiab and monuments were applied like a religious place and some people thought here was located sepulcher of Kusam ibn-Abbas. The formation of holy necropolis had a high elevation in the time of the last quarter of XIV century and the same period of time pertained to constructing mausoleum for the people from Timur’s family so to say to his army commander and his grooms. The Shakhi-Zindah ensemble and its structures can be pertained back to the second half of XV century and that time devoted to the Ulug Beg period of time. We may pertain to that period of time the attractively embellished gateways of the years 1434 -1435 which were situated on the basis of Mountain Afrasiab. The mausoleum was wide in size and foremen emblished it with two elevated turquoise domes admittedly over the entombment of the astronomer of Ulug Beg's teacher Kazy-zade-Rumi.
It is great chances to walk through narrow roads which are gone to the mausoleums belong to the Timur period. Foremen of that time period had done structure of dazed spectacle of majolica revetment and tile mosaics. The mausoleum was put in honor to Shadi-Mulk-aka in 1372 and her mother Tour-kan-aka, Timur's sister. The mausoleum is visited now. The gateways of mausolem and mausoleums’s revetment are decorated with blocks of superbly carved glazed terracotta in compound with majolica. The road which is situated amongst the mausoleums lead to charming shadowy yard which is situated close to the mausoleum devoted Tournan-aka which was built in early XV century, and the mausoleums were formed till the Timur’s period and devoted to people of Khoja Akhmad and stranger. The door was framed in1404-1405 and it was gloss over with delectable carvings and the ornament was used in the style of ivory inlay. It is a great chance to walk through the yard where XV century mosque situated with mausoleum devoted to Kusam ibn-Abbas. The stained enameled revetment of Shakhi-Zindah mausoleum is sumptuous. The stone bricklayers are united the adorable buildings into the single architectural ensemble with artistical confirmation behooved one to another over a centuries.
Samarkand in accordance with the historical facts was considered to be the capital of the enormous Empire of Timur. People built the Bibi-khanum mosque very quickly in the 1399-1404. The marvelous walls of sumptuous mosque were fronted with polished brick with enormous geometrical scenic stylings. This memorial styling is major thing of the forming buildings which were used for Timur.
The mausoleum which is dedicated to Gur-Emir was built 1403-1404 was the last structure in the line of Timur's structures in Samarkand city, and this mausoleum was applied for the entombment for his sons, for Ulug Beg who was his grandson and for himself. The mausoleum was a formation of the complex which was composed of two constructions. These facilities are the madrasah and khana-gah, the structure has marvelous form and it was applied as the third side of yard. The fourth side of yard has remarkable formation of construction because the entries embellished with glazed tile mosaics.
When Ulug Beg was hakim in the XV century the constructions of that period of time were spellbinding for aristocracy because of their extraordinary form and the color of revetment: the entries, the mausoleums which were dedicated to Kazy-zade-Rumi, the Shakhi-Zindah octangular marvelous madrasah in Reghistan, the enormous square which was an enormous section of the city in 1420. Ulug Beg's observatory is famed because of design which was situated outside Samarkand. When Ulug Beg died so his observatory has been forsaken and to the XVI century was all in ruins.
Enormous quantity of architectural ensembles and manifold monumental structures were formed in XV century. The best example will be the ensemble Khoja Abdi-Darun.
In the XVI century Bukhara city became again the capital of Uzbekistan and in those times not so many structures were constructed in Samarkand city, and enormous quantity of structures were perished after blood incursions. In the XVII century the Madrasah Shir-Dor (1619-1636) was created on that place where was stayed now the now defunct khana-gah of Ulug Beg. The building was placed where the Ulug Beg Madrasah was put. Their structures were various not only in size but also in all. On the third side of Reghistan Square you will meet Tillah-kari Madrasah which was built in 1646-1660. When Timur's Bibi-khanum mosque was collapsed in that time was emerged the Friday mosque with the complex and Tillah-kari Madrasah.